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The Nancy School was a French hypnosis-centered school of psychotherapy. The origins of the thoughts were brought about by Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault in 1866, in Nancy, France. Through his publications and therapy sessions he was able to gain the attention/support from Hippolyte Bernheim: another Nancy Doctor that further evolved Liébeault's thoughts and practices to form what is known as the Nancy School. It is referred to as the Nancy School to distinguish it from the antagonistic Paris School that was centred on the hysteria-centred hypnotic research of Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. ==Origins== ;Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault (1823–1904)〔Fancher, Raymond E., and Alexandra Rutherford. "Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology." Pioneers of Psychology: A History. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. 415-29. Print.〕 Liébeault was born to a peasant family in Farrières France.〔Carlos S. Alvarado (2009) Ambroise August Liébeault and Psychic Phenomena, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 52:2, 111-121〕 While expected to become a priest, he rather started his medical studies at Strasbourg, where he obtained his medical degree in 1850.〔 At Strasbourg, he stumbled upon an old book about animal magnetism and became fascinated with it.〔 He moved to Nancy, France in 1860 and opened up his own clinic.〔 Having finally established a successful practice, his thoughts turned back to that book on animal magnetism and he decided to start experimenting with hypnotic therapies.〔 He did this by offering his patients a strange bargain: they could either continue their standard methods of treatment and continue their usual fee or they could be treated hypnotically, through suggestion, for free.〔 Naturally, at first, many patients stayed with their standard methods because hypnosis at this time was still controversial. As more and more patients started receiving the hypnotic treatment and spreading news of its success, Liébeault became known as "Good Father Liébeault." 〔 In 1866 he published his first book titled ''Le sommeil et les états analogues, considérés surtout du point de vue de l'action du moral sur le physigue'' (Sleep and its analogous states considered from the perspective of the action of the mind upon the body)〔Carrer, L., Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault: The Hypnological Legacy of a Secular Saint, Virtualbookwork.com, (College Station), 2002〕 that focused on the similarities between induced sleep (or trance) and natural sleep, the features of the hypnotic state, how the induction of sleep relates to the nervous system, and the phenomena of hallucinations.〔 Within this theory, he labeled the key difference between sleep and the hypnotic state to be "produced by suggestion and concentration on the idea of sleep and that the patient was "en rapport" with the hypnotist."〔Lynn, S. J., & Rhue, J. W. (1991). Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives. New York: Guilford Press.〕 This book was largely ignored by the medical profession〔 due to the fact that it was obscurely written and sold very few copies.〔 Thankfully, Liébeault's theory on the hypnotic state that he devised within this book engrossed the attention of a prominent Nancy doctor, and soon to be student of Liébeault himself, Hippolyte Bernheim.,〔〔 ;Hippolyte Bernheim (1840–1919) 〔 Bernheim, born in Alsace, received his medical degree from Strasbourg for internal medicine, specializing in heart disease and typhoid fever.,〔〔http://www.jstor.org/stable/20338759〕 From hearing of the reputation Liébeault was establishing with his work in hypnosis and from reading his first publication, Bernheim skeptically visited the hypnotic clinic to see for himself if all of the stories he had been hearing were true.〔 His amazement of what was happening led him to regularly visit the clinic to lean Liébeault's methods, and eventually to abandon his practice with internal medicine to become a full-time hypnotherapist.〔 Bernheim humbly became a student of Liébeault and eventually came to study the hypnotic state with him as a colleague. Bernheim was able to bring Liébeault's ideas about suggestibility into the attention of the medical world.〔 His focus was on the patients rather than the hypnotist because he believed that the patients held the important factors to be hypnotized.〔 He believed that every human being has the trait of suggestibility but each just varied to the degree of which.〔 This idea became a staple in the train of thought of the Nancy doctors.〔 He wrote these thoughts and others, like how "suggestible patients could be successfully treated by straightforward persuasion techniques as well as by hypnosis," in his book ''De la Suggestion et de ses Applications à la Thérapeutique'' (Suggestive Therapeutics).〔 Although Bernheim was the leading proponent of suggestion accounting for hypnotic phenomena, he never took full credit for it all.〔 He argued that "while suggestion was proposed by Abbé Faria, and was applied by James Braid, it was perfected by Liébeault."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nancy School」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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